![]() In particular, piranha solution has been mainly used for the induction of hydroxyl groups on gold (Au) surface. NaOH has also been used to induce hydroxyl groups on the substrate. The treatment with KOH is very popular as it has been demonstrated on a wide range of substrates, such as cyclic polyolefins, polystyrene, polyethylene, PMMA, PDMS, and glass. ![]() Hydroxyl groups can be induced on the surface by treatment with KOH, NaOH, or piranha solution (H 2SO 4: 30% H 2O 2 = 3:1 ). Luong, in Handbook of Immunoassay Technologies, 2018 2.1 Hydroxyl Groups The study demonstrated the potential of surface functional groups to modulate focal contact formation by controlling specific integrin binding. Moreover, the cells cultured on hydroxyl group-modified surfaces exhibited actin budding as well as actin ring formation at the cell periphery, which are characteristic features of hMSCs undergoing chondrogenic differentiation. The amount of focal contact formation observed on hydroxyl-modified surfaces was found to be lower than that observed on amino functionalized surfaces. 21 Using surfaces that present hydroxyl groups at specific pitches and arrays, the study demonstrated that viable cell adhesion was observed at all pitches however, patterns of focal contact formation and actin distribution were affected by changes in pitch. Gold surfaces were modified with dip pen nanolithography to incorporate functional groups on the surface in a highly organized and controlled manner. It has been suggested that hydroxyl groups trigger chondrogenic differentiation of cells, possibly due to their ability to induce minimal focal contact formation on the surface while simultaneously maintaining high cell viability. Under chondrogenic conditions, the hydroxyl-modified surfaces showed upregulation of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), collagen type II, and Sox9. 7 Culturing cells on silane-modified glass surfaces having hydroxyl groups has demonstrated the ability to support and maintain chondrogenic differentiation of hMSC, both in the presence and absence of chondrogenic media. Similar to carboxyl functionalized surfaces, the presence of hydroxyl groups has shown to support chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. The addition of a hydroxyl group converts many organic compounds into alcohols, enhancing their solubility in water. This group can also participate in chemical reactions to link molecules together, forming chains of sugars or fatty acids. They readily participate in hydrogen bonding, generating either a net positively or negatively charged ion. ![]() Hydroxyl groups are simple structures consisting of an oxygen atom with two lone pairs bonded to a hydrogen atom. Nair, in Biology and Engineering of Stem Cell Niches, 2017 2.5 Hydroxyl Groups ![]()
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